By

Syama. V

(Reg.No:161088)

Under the guidance of

Sri. Binu.C.Kurian. M.Com, M.B.A

                                                XXXXXXXX

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CERTIFICATE

             This is to certify that the Dissertation titled” A STUDY OF JOB SATISFACTION OF EMPLOYEES IN CHAITHANYA PAINTS PVT. LTD, KUREEKAD” is a bona fide piece of research work done by Syama. V under the supervision and guidance of Sri.Binu.C.Kurian Assistant Professor of Commerce, Govt.College Manimalakkunnu in partial fulfilment of the award of the Degree of Master of Commerce in Mahatma Gandhi University Kottayam.

Place :Oliyappuram

Date:                                             PROF. JOY JOHN

Head of the Department of Commerce

Government College

 Manimalakkunnu

GOVT .COLLEGE MANIMALAKKUNNU

OLIYAPPURAM, KOOTHATTUKULAM

ERNAKULAM DISTRICT, KERALA

                                   Xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx

                                               CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that the Dissertation titled” A STUDY OF JOB SATISFACTION OF EMPLOYEES IN CHAITHANYA PAINTS PVT LTD KUREEKAD” is a bona fide piece of research work done by Syama .V, iv semester M.Com student of this college, in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the award of the Degree of Master of Commerce in Mahatma Gandhi University, under my supervision and guidance. She is permitted to submit the dissertation.

BINU.C.KURIAN M.Com MBA

                                                          Assistant Professor

                                                        Department of Commerce

                                                       Govt.College Manimalakkunnu

Place: Oliyappuram

Date:

DECLARATION

I Syama .v (Reg. No: 161088 IV semester M.Com, Govt. College Manimallakkunnu) declare that this dissertation entitled

“A STUDY OF JOB SATISFACTION OF EMPLOYEES IN CHAITHANYA PAINTS PVT LTD KUREEKKAD” is a bona fide piece of research work done by me under the guidance and supervision of Sri.BINU.C.KURIAN Assistant Professor of Commerce, Govt.college ,Manimalakkunnu, Oliyappuram Koothattukkulam and this work has not previously formed the basis for the award of any academic qualification or fellowship of any other university or Board. The empirical findings in this report are based on the data collected by myself.

Place:Oliyappuram

Date:                                                                                    Syama .V

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

First of all I thank God for guiding me in fulfilling my intentions successfully.

I express my profound gratitude to my guide Sri.Binu.C.Kurian Assistant Professor of Commerce, Post Graduate Department of Commerce, Government College Manimalakkunnu for his valuable guidance and suggestions rendered during the preparation of this dissertation.

I extend my gratitude to Sri.Joy John, Head of the post Graduate Dept. of commerce, Government College Manimalakkunnu for his constant encouragement and providing the necessary facilities to carry out this work.

I also express my thanks to all the teachers in the post Graduate Dept. of Commerce and library staffs of Government College Manimalakkunnu for their various services to complete this work.

I express my sincere thanks to my friends for their co-operation and support in the completion of this work.

                                                                 Syama .V

CONTENTS

CERTIFICATES

DECLARATION

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

CONTENTS

LIST OF TABLES

LIST OF PICTURS

CHAPTER                           TITLE                                       PAGE NO.

1                THE FRAME WORK OF THE STUDY

2                CHAITHANYA  PAINTS  PVT. LTD. –

  A  PROFILE

3                                   JOB SATISFACTION – A THEORETICAL FRAME

                          WORK

4                                    ANALYSIS OF JOB SATISFACTION OF EMPLOYEES

IN CHAITHANYA PAINTS PVT. LTD.

5                                   FINDINGS AND RECOMMENDATIOS OF THE STUDY

APPENDIX:

      BIBLIOGRAPHY

      QUESTIONNAIRE

                                               LIST OF TABLES

TABLE No.                                   TITLE                                                        PAGE No.

4.1                 Respondents Based on Sex

4.2                  Respondents Based on Age

4.3                  Respondents Based on Martial Status

4.4                  Respondents Based on Educational Qualification

4.5                                     Respondents Based on family size

4.6                                     Respondents  Based on Monthly Income

4.7                                     Respondents  Based on  Job Experience

4.8                                     Respondents  Opinion on Prompt Payment of Salary

4.9                                     Respondents  Satisfaction Level – Amount of Salary

4.10                                  Respondents  Opinion  about  Revision of salaries & Wages

4.11                                  Respondents  Opinion  about  Other Monetary Benefits

4.12                                  Respondents  Satisfaction Level – Amount of Other Monetary Benefits

4.13                                  Respondents  Opinion  about  Working Time

4.14                                  Respondents  Opinion  about  Attitude of Supervisors

4.15                                  Respondents  Opinion  about  Work Environment

4.16                                  Respondents  Opinion  about  Working Conditions of Machines

4.17                                  Respondents  Opinion  about  Break Time

4.18                                  Respondents  Satisfaction Level – Break  time

4.19                                  Respodents  Opinion  about  Sanitary Facilities

4.20                                  Respodents  Opinion  about  Purified  Drinking Water

4.21                                  Respodents  Opinion  about  Educational Scholarship

4.22                                  Respodents  Opinion  about Medical Facilities & Insurance Coverage

4.23                                  Respodents  Satisfaction Level – Medical Facilities & Insurance Coverage

4.24                                  Respodents  Opinion  about Pension Fund

4.25                                  Respodents  Satisfaction Level – Amount of Pension Fund

4.26                                  Respodents  Opinion  about  Opportunities for Promotion

4.27                                  Respodents  Opinion  about Reward for Higher Performance

4.28                                  Respodents  Opinion  about Training for Improvement of Performance

4.29                                  Respodents  Satisfaction Level – Training for Improvement of Performance

4.30                                  Respodents  Opinion  about  Bonus

4.31                                  Respodents  Satisfaction Level – Amount of Bonus

4.32                                  Respodents  Opinion  about  Participation in decision making

Process

4.33                                  Respodents  Opinion  about  Influence of Family Problems in the

Job

4.34                                   Respodents  Opinion  about  Influence of Health  Problems in the

Job

4.35                                  Respodents  Opinion  about  Family Life and Work Life  

           LIST OF PICTURES

FIGURE No.                               TITLE                                           PAGE NO.  

2.1              Organisation Chart of Chaithanya Paints Pvt.  Ltd.

4.4.1                                  Respondents Based on  Educational Qualification

4.6              Respondents  Based on  Monthly Income

4.7                                       Respondents  Based on  Job Experience

4.9                                                 Respondents  Satisfaction Level – Amount of Salary

4.12            Respondents Satisfaction Level-Amount of other      Monetar Benefits

4.13           Respondents Satisfaction Level-Work Environment

4.15                                                          Respondents Satisfaction Level-work environment

                   Respondents Satisfaction Level-Break Time

4.18                                             Respondents satisfaction Level-Sanitary Facilities

4.23           Respondents Satisfaction Level-Medical Facilities &Insurance Coverage

CHAPTER -1

THE FRAME WORK OF THE STUDY

Introduction:

An organisation is nothing without human resources. Employees are the most precious asset of an organisation. So it is necessary to maintain a proper work environment, so that employees can give their maximum. In the present scenario where the world is being liberalized and everyone goes for privatization there is cut throat competition among the different units in the industry. Now the employees have more options because of the availability of numerous opportunities and so every organization must try to achieve a standard for the working environment.

The performance of human being is influenced by psychological and social factors such as family,age,sex,experience,education, personal likes and dislikes, job condition, emotion, welfare and privileges available to them recognition, wages and salaries, considerate leadership, promotional opportunities ,interaction with work group and above  all job satisfaction and material reward and punishment they receive.

The success of a company basically depends upon its ability to attain goals and objectives .Among the five M’s namely man, machine, materials, money and method, human resources of an organization. No firm can reach its ultimate aims of profit maximum and wealth maximum without satisfying its manpower .Now a days it is a widely accepted fact that a happy worker is an invaluable asset to any organization contributing to prosperity. It is true that man can never be fully satisfied in his life. As employees spent much time in their work. They will be satisfied in life only, if the job is satisfactory.

Job satisfaction means a function which is positively related to the degree to which one’s personal needs are fulfilled in the job situation. Employees are the most satisfied and highly productive when their job offers them security from economic strain ,recognition of their effort ,clean policy of grievances ,opportunity to contribute ideas and suggestions ,participation in decision making and managing the affairs ,clean definitions of duties and responsibilities and opportunities for promotion ,fringe benefits ,sound payment structure ,incentive plans and profit sharing activities ,health and safety measures ,social security ,compensation ,communication ,communication system and finally ,atmosphere of  mutual trust respect.

As the employees are the precious asset of an organization, the satisfaction of all employees in their work is very important. Job satisfaction is a part of life satisfaction. It is the favourableness within which employees view their work. It expresses the amount of agreement between one’s expectation of the job and the reward that the job provides. So it is the result of employee’s perception of what the organizations provide. The surveys conducted on employees had identified job dissatisfaction as the root cause of job issues and low level of labour productivity and loyalty.

 Statement of the Problem and Significance of the Study

Job satisfaction may be favourable or unfavourable according to the view of the employee towards job. It expresses the amount of agreement between one’s expectations of the job and rewards that the job provides. It has been observed that employee’s dissatisfaction with certain conditions of the job causes serious industrial problems and on the other hand employee’s satisfaction with job leads organizational goal of productivity.

The present study aims to assess the job satisfaction of employees in Chaithanya Paints Pvt.Ltd, Kureekad Chaithanya Paints Pvt.Ltd. Which established in the year 1998 is presently working with hundred permanent employees under the energetic leadership of Mr.L.R.Potty, the Managing Director. This study has been designed to analyse whether the employees of Chaithanya Paints Pvt.Ltd. were satisfied with their job. This study will be helpful to the company to know about the satisfaction level of the employees and can take measures to improve the areas under dissatisfaction. This study will also help the management in directing and coordinating the human relations in the organizations so as to achieve maximum production with the minimum effort and with proper regard for the genuine well-being of the workers.

Scope of the study

The study captioned, “job satisfaction of employees: a study with reference to employees in Chaithanya Paints Pvt.Ltd” is mainly focused on the determination of the degree of job satisfaction. There are 100 employees in the company and from among them 50 are selected on random basis for the study (excluding supervisory and other managerial level).This study is designed to cover the analysis of factors influencing job satisfaction and there by identify how far the workers are satisfied in their job.

Objectives of the study

1. To assess the nature and satisfaction level of employees of Chaithanya Paints Pvt.Ltd. regarding monetary benefits and non monetary benefits from employment.
2. To assess the level of satisfaction of employees of Chaithanya Paints Pvt.Ltd regarding work environment and other facilities.
3. To make possible recommendation and offer useful suggestions to improve the level of satisfaction among the employees in Chaithanya Paints Pvt.Ltd.

Sample

As mentioned above the study has been conducted by selecting fifty non managerial employees (random selection) from among a total of hundred employees in the Chaithanya paints Pvt. Ltd. a detailed view of the selection is given below:

                              Details of population and sample

Data collection

The data required for the study were collected from both from primary and secondary sources. The primary data were collected from the fifty selected respondents using a structured interview schedule. The views of the respondents regarding level of satisfaction on indicated variables were collected on a three-point scale. The secondary data were collected from published reports, books, journals, administrative report of the company and websites.

Data Analysis

The primary data collected from the respondents were analysed grouping the respondents based on sex.result are reported primarily using percentage. Graphical representations in the form of charts and graphs are also given for improved understanding.

Limitations of the study

The following were the major limitations of the study;

1. The employee’s attitude and opinion may change in future, so future relevance to the study cannot be assured.
2. Reliability of the study depends greatly on the reliability of information provided by the respondents. The personal bias of the respondents is another limiting factor.
3. The results obtained from the analysis would not be applicable to similar organizations in the industry.

Chapterisation:

First Chapter: The Framework of the study.

This chapter contains the details of the study. It includes significance of the study, scope of the study, methodology, limitations of the study and chapterisation scheme.

Second Chapter: Chaithanya paints pvt.ltd .Kureekkad –A profile.

This chapter gives a description about the company where the study has been conducted.

Third Chapter: Job satisfaction-A Theoretical Frame Work.

A theoretical description of job satisfaction has been given in this chapter.

Fourth Chapter: Data analysis and Interpretation.

Analysis of Job Satisfaction of Employees in Chaithanya paints Pvt.ltd.

The analysis of data collected from the employees of the company has been done in this chapter.

Fifth Chapter: Findings and Recommendations.

Major findings of the study and the recommendations based on findings have been given in this chapter

CHAPTER-2

CHAITHANYA PAINTS PVT.LTD.KUREEKKAD –A PROFILE

General introduction

Chaithanya paints is a member of Duckeem group of companies who have establish edits home in the field of cement paints industry for quality and reliability in the brand name Duckeem.the company is established in the year 1998 and is under the energetic leadership of Mr. l. R. potty who is the managing director and a prominent industries in India.

Chaithanya paints has imprinted its position in the market in a short span of time, under the indoor duke interior plastic emulsion, royal duke pried exterior Emulsion, Duromax Distemper  and other 24 paints products with a rich experience in paint products more than two decades the architects of Chaithanya paints possess a colourful vision to meet the demand in the industry, the slogan the “products with quality mark can only exit in the future”, has smoothened the way of success.

As the paint industry is dominated by the multinational brands more than decades finding a position for a medium sized company like Chaithanya paints is tough, but the architects made it simple by a valid vision: i.e. to exit grow not by size and name alone, but by meeting the growing demands by quality and economy also. True to the spirit of times prestigious of Chaithanya remains in the forefront of quality and economy. Company’s quality vision is approved and appreciated by granting ISO Certificate ISO9001-2001.

Capital of the company

In order to finance its activities, the company needs to have capital. The share capital is the capital raised by the company by issue of shares. The company finances its activities with the amount raised by way of issue of shares and through secured and unsecured loans. The company has a total capital amounted to Rs 78,93,07,396/-

Quality policy of the company

All the operations of chaithanya paints PVT LTD have undertaken as per the quality manual of the company. a quality manual has been prepared ,reviewed, approved and issued with a view to provide functional areas of the organization. The quality manual conforms to the requirements of ISO: 9001-2000 clauses and sub clauses as being applied in the organization.

The quality manual has been prepared, reviewed and issued to all concerned with the following aims:

1. To give a brief description of the quality management system this reflects in the policy of management on quality.

1. To serve as reference to all departments or sectors in the company in fulfilling their responsibility towards quality as well as customer requirement.

1. To serve as a guide for internal audit.

1. To enable the management to measure analyze and improve the quality management system as and when necessary.

1. To describe the interaction between the process of quality management system.

1. To provide guidelines for abolishing the objectives and processes to deliver results in accordance with customer requirements and the organization’s policies.

Product Profile

Indoor Duke Plastic Emulsion

The newest and prestigious products of chaithanya paints is Indoor Duke Plastic Emulsion specially create for impressive interiors in a cost effective style. Definitely a better edge than all the existing competitive brands. Smooth finish, colour range ,cost etc.

Royal Duke

Royal Duke is a Hi-performance Exterior finish based on 100 % acrylic emulsion with silicone, which protects and decorates the surface. It forms a tough algae and fungus resistant .No peeling and non –fading, yet flexible smooth film, which provides a total protection against all types of weathering conditions.

Duke Pride

Royal pride is a water thinnable exterior wall coating which gives excellent performance in all climate conditions. It is the best substitute for ordinary paints and requires no curing. The shades are light fast and do not fade. The coated film is resistant to algae and fungal growth.

Acrylic Distemper

Duromax acrylic distemper is an ideally formulated premium quality distemper based on acrylic emulsion .extra excellent pigmented good quality adhesives added to get more coverage glossy and smooth finish. Durable duromax distemper is ideal for your beautiful interiors, it is highly economic and is available in 32 attractive bright shades and in different pickings.

Water Thinnable Cement Primer

Duromax cement primer water thinnable is suitable for plastered wall asbestos, cement concrete etc. Its special features are easy brushing ,excellent covering, alkali resistance,quick drying and good sealing properties.

Acrylic Wall Putty

Duromax acrylic putty is the most economical and is manufactured technology based an acrylic emulsion and special additives added to get smooth finish and good coverage.

Other Item –Paint

●Roof paints red &blue

●Black board paint

●Enamel paints –White, Yellow, and Black

●Clear varnish

●Aluminium paint

●Matt Block

●Matt Brown

●Matt white.

Satin Finish Enamel

● Mahogany

●Rosewood

●Timber golden brown.

Floor paints

●Floor red

●Royal Duke Premium 100%Acrylic Emulsion with silicone

●Floor black.

Primers

●Wood primer white

●Wood primer pink

●Zink chromate yellow primer

●Red oxide oil primer

●Red oxide metal primer

●Auto oil primer.

Other Items

●Fire Retardant paint

●Coir Matt paint

●Chassis red

●Chassis black

●Universal basic strainer.

Future

Though Multinational companies have launched similar products substituted the cement paint concepts with innovative products chaithanya paints finds a brighter future still as Dukecem’s acceptance in the market by the quality mark and economy will have a tremendous future, which is certain.

Market

Initially Dukecem cement had its performance in the home state with in short time it could enter in to the neighbouring state. As Tamilnadu has also welcomed and approved Dukecem cement paints performance, the slogan: if quality is there nobody checks it : becomes more vibrant and colourful.

●Dukecem super cement paint

●Dukecem deluxe cement paint –ISI Grade

●Dukecem cement primer (oil base)

●Dukecem wood primer (white)

●Dukecem wood primer (pink)

●Dukecem red oxide metal primer

●Dukecem red oxide oil primer

●Dukecem Zinchromate yellow primer.

            The Drive for Innovation: Research &Development

Chaiyhanya paints having a well equipped Research and Development halls and ISI labs for strict quality controls. Research and development has established the company as an industry leading name for cutting edge paint and coating solutions that meet the changing needs of people every where. Today, we are known as one of the most innovation producers of paint and solutions and a leader in anti-corrosion and chemical –resistant products. Our original paint innovations have continually redefined the paint industry. At the same time, Chaithanya paint adds value to life and the environment through our complete paint and coating solutions.

Innovations, coupled with state of the art technology, are the key principle behind chaithanya paints. Behind the drive to set the pace for innovative products is chaithanya paints sense of mission to improve current products as well as develop breakthrough coating solutions.

We apply analytical skills, strategic thinking and a close understanding of customer needs to deliver high quality paints and coats that meet society’s changing needs.

The results are breakthrough products that respond to new and anticipated demand, as well as more efficient manufacturing processes that cut down on delivery time.

Our strengths include developing environmentally friendly products and processes, as well as innovative coating that enhance the way different industries function.

Sister Concern

Cochin Paints

Cochin paints manufactures of Dukecem cement paint had a humble beginning .to start with company had a vision; just enter the market with a quality product.

Though Cochin paints couldn’t later even the initial demands of the cement paint market due to the several constraints company never allowed to adulterate the quality. That quality policy paved the way for a grand success in conquering the markets and gradually positioning the product along with the major established brands.

Organisation Chart

An organization chart detailing organizational position and delegation is given in figure2.1

                ORGANISATION CHART (FIGURE2.1)

Chapter3

Theoretical frameworks of job satisfaction

 Introduction

Personnel management is relatively a new profession, of human engineering and scientific management of human beings, endowed with the dignity of statutory recognition. It is the responsibility of management to look after the total well being of an individual worker. A happy worker is an asset to the organization. He turns out more work.

It is necessary to take all possible steps to promote a correct attitude in the worker, to win his confidence and co-operation to make him put in his maximum effort to attain the common goal of the organization and to make him feel that he is an essential link in the productive process.

Job satisfaction

Job Satisfaction

The term job satisfaction was brought to limelight by Hop pock in 1935.according to him job satisfaction is a combination of psychological, physiological and environmental factors that makes a person to admit,” I am happy at my job”. It has also been defined as the ‘end state of feeling’. it emphasizes  the fact that the feeling is experienced after a task is accomplished. The feeling would be positive or negative depending up on whether need is satisfied or not.

The term job satisfaction covers that the satisfaction derived from being engaged in work or in my pursuit of a higher order. It is essentially related to human needs, and their fulfilment through work. It is generated by the individual’s perception of how well his job satisfies in various needs. In short job satisfaction is the person’s attitude towards the job.

The job satisfaction is an integral component organizational health and an important element in industrial relation. The level of job satisfaction has some relation with various aspects of work behaviour such as accidents, absenteeism, turnover and productivity etc.

Generally job satisfaction is an individual feeling, which could be earned by a variety if factors. Job satisfaction is a distribute on. It refers to the general attitude of workers towards their work.

Concept of Job satisfaction

Job satisfaction is a combination of two words. Job and satisfaction. Mikes and firm define work as a “general” activity cantering around subsistence and the specific routines of this activity as occupation.

Job satisfaction is the end feeling of a person after performing a task. Job satisfaction is different from motivation and moral. Motivation refers to the willing new to work. Morale implies a general attitude towards and work environment. It is a group phenomenon whereas job satisfaction is an individual feeling. Job satisfaction may be considered a dimension of morale and morale could also be a same of satisfaction.

Importance to worker and organization

Frequently, work underlies self esteem and identity while unemployment lowers self-growth and produce’s anxiety. At the same time monotonous job can erode a workers initiative and enthusiasm and can lead to absenteeism and unnecessary turnover. Job satisfaction and occupational success are major factors in personal satisfaction, self-respect, self-esteem and self-development.to the worker job satisfaction brings a pleasurable emotional state that often leads to a positive work attitude. a satisfied worker is more likely to be creative , flexible, innovative and loyal.

For the organization job satisfaction of its workers means a work force that is motivated and committed to high quality performance increased productivity the quantity and quality of output per hour worked seems to be a by-product of improved quality of working life. It is important to note that the literature on the relationship between job satisfaction and productivity is neither conclusive nor consistent. However studies dating back to Hertzberg’s (1957) have shown at least low correlation high morale and high productivity and it does seem logical that more satisfied workers will tend to add more value to an organization. Unhappy employers who are motivated by fens of job cost will not give 100 percentage of effort for every long. Though fear is a powerful motivator, it is also a temporary one and as soon as the threat is lifted, performance will decline.

 Definitions of job satisfaction

“Any combination of psychological, physiological and environmental circumstances the cause a person truthfully to say Iam satisfied with my job.”                                                                                                        R Hoppoch

“Job satisfaction will be defined as the amount of overall positive effect or feelings that individual have towards their job.”              Field Man and Arnold

“Job satisfaction is the set of favourable or unfavourable feelings  with employees view their work.”                                       Keith Davis and Newstrom

“Job satisfaction is the amount of pleasure or contentment associated with a job –if you like your job intensely you will experience job dissatisfaction.”        Andrew Bin

“job satisfaction is the positive orientation of an individual towards the work role which he is presently occupying”. This can be easily paraphrases.”As an individual liking more aspects of his work than his dislikes ”it refers to an employee’s general towards his job.                                                      Vroom

Factors Influencing job satisfaction

There are a number of factors that influences job satisfaction these factors can be explained with the help of the following chart given below:

                                          Figure 3.1

                              Source of job satisfaction

Organizational                    work environmental                            work itself                          personal

Factors                                      factors                                                                                 factors

Salaries & wages                       supervision                              job scope & variety             age & seniority

Promotion chances                              work group                                          autonomy & freedom                         sex

Company policies

Occupational level             working condition                                             role ambiguity &               education level

role conflict                                                                        Interesting  work                             marital status

Experience

1. Oranizational Factors

Some of the organizational factors while affect job satisfaction:

(a)Salaries and wages:

Wages and salaries play significant role in influencing job satisfaction. Living wages is based on the family budget and cost of living. It takes in to account the social and personal need of the workers providing for his food, house and education of his children medical aid and other amenities of life. If wages are to give satisfaction they must be fair.

(b) Promotion Chances:

A better opportunity for promotion too is a factor, which lead to higher job satisfaction promotion indicates on employees works to the organization which highly moderate boosting. Employees take promotion is the ultimate achievement in his career and when it is realized he feels extremely satisfied. It is true that individual seek satisfaction in their job in the context of job nature and work environment but they also attach importance to the opportunity for promotion that these job offer.

(c)Company Policies:

Organizational structure and polices also an important role in affecting the job satisfaction of employees. An autocratic and highly authoritative structure, which is more open and democratic in nature. Organizational polices also govern the human behaviour in the organization. Liberal and fair polices usually result in more job satisfaction .strict polices will create dissatisfaction among the employees became they feel that they are not being treated fairly and may feel constrained.

(d)Job security:

Job security is an important motivating factor for attaining job satisfaction. Job security implies that an employee shall enjoy economic and social security through health and welfare programmes by providing security against sickness,disability,old age  and death if be continues on the job.

(e)Occupational Level:

Higher the level of in organizational hierarchy greater satisfaction of the individual. This is being position at higher level are generally better paid, more challenging and provide greater freedoms of operation such job carry greater prestige self control and need satisfaction.

2. Work Environmental Factors:

The work environmental factors includes the following:

(a)Supervision:

The employee centred supervisory style enhances job satisfaction as the leaders looks after the subordinates carefully display friendship, respect and warmth etc towards them. On the other hand, production oriented leaders may causes low job satisfaction to the employees and may affect the turnover and absenteeism adversely.

(b)Work Group:

It is the work group that fulfil the needs for social interaction of the members. If worker has good relation with the fellow employees and the supervisor ,he will satisfied. If the work group enjoys a higher status. His job satisfaction will increase further.

(C)Working Condition:

Job satisfaction is related to working condition also. The work will be more attractive if working conditions are congenial to the task a worker proposes to accomplish. Good working conditions involve such facilities as adequate light, comfortable temperature, attractive surroundings etc.

(d)Job Content:

Herzberg suggested that job content is term of achievement, recognition, advancement, responsibility and the work itself tend to provide satisfaction but their does nit cause dissatisfaction where the job is less repetitive and there is variation in job content job satisfaction tends to be higher.

3.Work Itself:

The content of work itself plays a major in determining the level of job satisfaction some of the aspects of the work, which affect job satisfaction, are;

(a)Job Scope:

It provides the amount of responsibility work pace and feed back the higher level of theses factor higher the job scope and higher the level of satisfaction.

(b)Variety:

A moderate amount of variety is very effective. Excessive variety produces confusion and a too little variety causes monotony and fatigue, which are dissatisfaction.

(c)Lack of Autonomy and Freedom:

Lack of autonomy and freedom over work method and work pace can create helplessness and dissatisfaction. Employees do not like it when their every step and very action are determined by this supervisor.

(d)Role Ambiguity and Role Conflict:

Role ambiguity and role conflicts also lead to confusion and job satisfaction because employees do not know exactly what their task is and what is expected of them.

(d)Interesting Work:

A work which is very interesting the challenging and provide status will be providing satisfaction to the employees and compared to work which is boring and monotonous.

4.Personal Factors

Personal attributes of the individuals also play a very important role as to whether they are satisfied at the job or not. Pessimists always complain about everything including the job. They will always find something wrong in every job to complain about some of the important personal factors is:

(a)Age:

There is a positive correlation between age and job satisfaction. workers in the advanced age group tend to be more satisfied probably because they have adjusted with their job condition and also they became more mature and realistic and less idealistic. So they are willing to accept available resources and be satisfied about the situation.

(b)Sex:

Studies revealed that women are less satisfied than men due to fewer job opportunities for females. But female workers may be more satisfied due to their lower occupational aspiration.

(c)Educational 

Level of education of an individual is a factor which determines the degree of job satisfaction with occupational level held constant there is a negative relationship between the educational level and job satisfaction. The higher the education the higher the reference group which the individual looks to for guidance to evaluate his job.

(d)Marital Status:

The general impression is that married employees and employees having more dependents tend to be more satisfied due to their greater responsibilities. But such employees may be more satisfied because they value their job more than unmarried workers.

(e)Experience:

Job satisfaction tends to increase with increasing year of experience .but it may decrease after 20 years of experience particularly among people who have not realized their job expectations.

(f)Role perception:

Different individuals hold different perceptions about role the kind of activities and behaviour they should engage in to perform their job successfully job satisfaction in determined by this factor. The more accurate the perception of an individual the greater his satisfaction.

(g)Interpersonal Relations With superiors peer and subordinates:

Relationship with superiors co-workers and subordinates should be cordial .this is one of the main factors, which influence the job satisfaction.

Superior while discharging his duty, if he maintains a cordial atmosphere and give criticism in a friendly way it pays way for better understanding and it lead to higher job satisfaction.

Dimensions of job satisfaction

There are 3 important dimensions of job satisfaction

1. A job satisfaction is an emotional response to a job solution. As such it can’t be seen .it can only inferred.
   1. Job satisfaction is often determined by how will outcome meet or exceed expectations.
   2. Job satisfactions represent several related attitude.

Smith, Kendall and Hulin (1964) have suggested that there are 6 job dimensions that represent the most important characteristics of a job about which people have effective response. They are;

(1)                 The Work itself:

The extent to which the job provides the individual with interesting tasks, opportunities for learning and the chance to accept responsibilities.

(2)Pay:

The amount of financial remunerations that is received and the degree to which this is viewed as equitable vice versa that of other in the organization.

(3)Promotion opportunities:

Promotional opportunities seem to have a varying effect on job satisfaction. This is because promotions take different forms and include a variety of rewards.

(4)Supervision:

Supervision is another moderately important source of job satisfaction; there are two dimensions of supervisory style that affects job satisfaction. One is employee-centeredness, which is measured by the degree to which a supervisor takes personal interest in the welfare of the employees. The other dimension is participation or influence, as illustrated by managers who allow their people to participate in decisions that affect their own jobs. This approach, generally, leads to higher job satisfaction. It is proved that a participative environment created by the supervisor has a more substantial effect on worker’s satisfaction than participation in a specific decision.

(5)Co-Workers:

Friendly, co-operative co-workers are a modest source of job satisfaction. the work group serves as a source of support,comfort,advice,and assistance to the individual .a ‘good’ work group makes the job more enjoyable.

(6)Work environment:

Work environment and working conditions are factors that have a modest effect on job satisfaction. If working conditions are good –clean, attractive surroundings-employees find it easier to carry out their job. Most people do not give working conditions a great deal of thought unless they are extremely bad.

Theories Of job satisfaction

The main theoretical approaches to job satisfaction are as follows;

(a)                 Need Fulfilment Theory:

According to this theory a person is satisfied when he gets from his job what he wants. The more he wants something or the more important is to him, the more satisfied he is when he received it. In other words,” job satisfaction will vary directly with the extent to which those needs of an individual which can be satisfied are actually satisfied”. Vroom views satisfaction in terms of the positively valued outcomes that a job provides to a person. Thus, job satisfaction is positively related to the degree to which one’s needs are fulfilled. The fulfilled theory suffers from a major drawback. Satisfaction is a function of not only what a person receives but what he feels he should receive. What may satisfy one individual may not satisfy the order due to difference in their expectations. The strength of an individual desire or his level of inspiration is an important determinant of job satisfaction.thus; job satisfaction is a function of the degree to which the employee’s needs are fulfilled in the job satisfaction.

(b)Equity Theory:

Under this theory, it is believed that a person’s job satisfaction depends up on his perceived equity as determined by his input-output balance in comparison with the input output balance of others. Every individual compares his reward with those of a ‘reference group’. if he feels his rewards are equitable in comparison with others doing similar work, he feels satisfied. Job satisfaction is thus a function of the degree to which job characteristics meet the desire of the reference group.

For e.g:Studies of the effect of community features on job satisfaction revealed that works living in a well to do neighbourhood fell less satisfied from those living in poor neighbourhood.

Equity theory takes in to account not only the need of an individual but also the opinion of the reference group to which the individual looks for guidance.

Figure 3.2

Equity Theory of job satisfaction

(c)Two factor theory:

This theory was developed by Frederick Herzberg and his colleagues. According to this theory satisfaction and dissatisfaction are interdependent of each other and exist on a separate continuum. There are two factors viz hygiene factors which affect job satisfaction Hygiene factors like company policy and administration,supervision,pay,working condition and interpersonal relation as dissatisfies thus absence cause dissatisfaction but their presence doesn’t result in positive satisfaction. The satisfies like achievement, advancement, recognition, work itself and responsibility leads to satisfaction.

(d)Discrepancy Theory:

According to this theory job satisfaction depends up on what a person actually receive from his job and what he expects to receive. When the rewards actually received are less than the expected rewards it causes dissatisfaction in the words of Locke,” job satisfaction and dissatisfaction are functions of perceived relationship between what one wants from one’s job and what one perceives it is actually offering .in other words, satisfaction is the different between what one actually received and what he feels he should receive. This theory fail to reveal whether over satisfaction is or not a dimension of dissatisfaction and if somehow does it differ dissatisfaction arising out of the situation when received outcomes one less the outcomes one feels he should receive

Figure 3.3

Discrepancy approach to job satisfaction

(e)Equity Discrepancy Theory:

This is a combination of equity and discrepancy theories.lawler has accepted the difference approach of discrepancy theory rather than the ratio approach of equity theory. From equity theory the concept of comparison has been selected to serve an intervening variable. Under this theory satisfaction is defined as the difference between the outcomes that one perceives he actually received and outcomes that one feels he should receive in comparison with other. When the individual feel that what he actually received in equal to what he perceives he should receive there is satisfaction. Thus an individual reception of his reward is influenced b y more than just the objective amount of that factor. This model reveals that a person perception of what he should receive is influenced by the input and output of other.lawler  suggest that those individuals are likely to be more satisfied who perceive.

(a)      their input are low

(b)     Their jobs are less demanding

(c)     Their reference group have less favourable input output balance

(d)     They are receiving a high outcome level

(e)     Their referent group are receiving less output

Figure 3.4

Equity discrepancy theory of job satisfaction

(f)                  Social Reference group theory:

Reference group defined the way an individual look at the world. According to this theory job satisfaction occurs when job meets  the interest, desire and requirements’ of a person’s reference group .in  other word, job satisfaction is a function  of the degree to which the job meets the approval of the group to which the individual looks for guidance in evaluating the world and defining social reality.

The social reference group theory is similar to the need fulfilment theory  except that it takes into account not the desires need and interest of the given individual but rather the point of view and opinion of the group to whom the individual looks for guiadance.This theory an incomplete explanation to the extent some people are independent of group opinions and group pressure.

                     Consequences of job satisfaction

Research has concluded that there is a relationship between job satisfaction and performance of the employees high job satisfaction may lead to improved productivity ,decreased turnover ,improved attendance, reduced accidents ,less job stress and less unionisation.

The following subtopics explain the outcomes of job satisfaction:-

1. 1.                   Job satisfaction and productivity

Is there any positive relationship between satisfaction and productivity? This controversy has been there over a number of years.Alothoug ,majority of people believe that there is a positive relationship between these two. According to the research findings of Vroom conducted in 1964, the median correlation between satisfaction and performance is only 0.14.lawler and porter found that there is more evidence to suggest that job performance leads to job satisfaction.

1. 2.                   Job satisfaction and Employee Turnover

Unlike the relationship between satisfaction and performance  research has concluded a moderate relationship between job satisfaction and turnover. High employee turnover is  a matter of concern for the management as it disrupts the normal operations and continuous replacement of employees who leave the organizations costly and technically undesirable. managerial concern is mostly for the turnover which arises because of job dissatisfaction, the employees thus tries to keep the employees satisfied on their jobs to minimize the turnover. Though high satisfaction in itself cannot beep the turnover low,but considerable job dissatisfaction will definitely increase the employee turnover.

1. 3.                   Job satisfaction and Absenteeism

It has been conclusively proved that there is an inverse relationship between job satisfaction and absenteeism. When satisfaction is high ,absenteeism is low and when satisfaction low, absenteeism is high. Less satisfied employees are more likely to be absent from work due to avoidable reasons. This is known as voluntary absenteeism because it is related to job satisfaction.

Absenteeism can be modified by certain factors; research has found that people who believe that their work is important have lower absenteeism as compared to those who do not feel that way. Moreover it is important to remember that while high job satisfaction will not necessarily result in low absenteeism (because of unavoidable absenteeism) .but low job satisfaction will definitely bring about high absenteeism.

1. 4.                   Job satisfaction and Union Activities

It has been proved that satisfied employees are generally not interested in unions and they do not perceive them as necessary. Job dissatisfaction has proved to be the major cause of unionisation. Job The employees join the unions because they feel that individually they are unable to influence changes which would eliminate the causes of job dissatisfaction. The level of union activities is related to the level of job dissatisfaction. Low level of dissatisfaction results in only grievances while higher levels of dissatisfaction will results in employees strikes.

1. 5.                   Job satisfaction and safety

When people are dissatisfied with their jobs, company and supervisors, they are prone to experience accidents. An underlying reason for this is that dissatisfaction takes one’s attention away from the task at hand leads directly his job, and the chances of accidents will be less.

1. 6.                   Other Effects of Job satisfaction

In addition there a number of other effects brought about by high job satisfaction. Highly satisfied employees tend to have better physical and mental. Such employees will become more co-operative such as helping co-workers, helping customers etc.such behaviour will improve unit performance and organizational effectiveness. Job satisfaction results from the employee’s perception that the job content actually provides what an employee values in the work situation. Organizationally speaking high level of job satisfaction reflects a highly favourable. Organizational climate resulting in attracting and retaining better workers.

                                              CHAPTER – 4

             ANALYSIS OF JOB SATISFACTION OF EMPLOYEES   IN

                         CHAITHANYA PAINTS PVT.  LTD.

Job satisfaction is the favorableness or unfavorable with which employees view their work. It expresses the amount of agreement between one’s expectations of the job and reward that the job provides. The study of employee’s satisfaction helps the company to maintain a standard and increase productivity by motivating the employees.

This study reveals the level of satisfaction of employees and also the areas of dissatisfaction. Nowadays, most of the work is done by machines, but the importance of human resources cannot be under estimated. The study on job satisfaction is much relevant in this contest.

For the purpose of the study, out of 100 employees in the company 50 were randomly selected (excluding supervisory and other managerial level). The data were collected with the help of a structured interview schedule.

Part I   -   Profile of the Respondents

In this part, various personal data like age, sex, family size, educational status, work experience, monthly income and martial status have been analyzed.

Sex of Respondents

Sex wise details of the 50 respondents are given in table 4.1

Table 4.1

                              Sex of Respondents

Source: Primary data

Eighty per cent of the respondents are male and rest 20 per cent is female employees.

Age of respondents

On the basis of age, sample respondents are classified in to four age groups. The first age group is between 20-30 years, the second age group is between 30-40 years, the next age group is between 40-50 years and the highest age group is between 40-50 years. Age wise classification of respondents are given in table 4.2

  Table 4.2

                            Age of Respondents

Source: Primary data

Thirty per cent of the male respondents are between the age of 20-30 years and between 30-40 years. While 27.5 per cent of the males are 40- 50 years, 12.5 per cent belongs to the age group of 50-60 years. 30 per cent of the female respondents are between the age of 20-30 years and between 30-40 years. While 40 per cent belongs to the age group of 40-50 years.

Marital Status of Respondents

The marital status of the respondents are given in table4.3

                                     Table 4.3

                      Martial Status of Respondents

Source: Primary data

  Twenty five per cent of the male respondents are not married and the rest 75 per cent of the males are married. 100 per cent of the female employees are married.

Educational Status of Respondents

                      On the basis of education, the respondents were classified in to four different groups as below S.S.L.C., Pre- Degree, and Graduates. Distribution of respondents based on educational status are given in table 4.4

Table 4.4

            Respondents Based on Educational Qualification

Source: Primary data

Thirty per cent of the male employees are below S.S.L.C. and 55 per cent male employees have passed S.S.L.C., 10 Per cent have completed their Pre- Degree and 5 per cent of the employees have done their Graduation. Female employees 40 per cent are below S.S.L.C. and the rest 60 per cent of the female employees are passed S.S.L.C. Figure 4.4 shows the diagrammatic representation of table 4.4.

                        Figure 4.4 

    Respondents Based on Educational Qualification

   Family Size of the Respondents

                           Family size of the respondents were classified as, small family up to 3 persons, medium family is 4 to 5 persons and large family consisting of more than 5 persons. Distribution of respondents based on family size are given in table 4.5

             Table 4.5 Respondents Based on Family Size

Source: Primary data

                 In case of male employees 35 per cent of employees belong to small size family i.e. families having 1 to 3 persons and 60 per cent male employees belongs to medium family i.e. families having 4 to 5 persons and only 5 per cent belongs to large family i.e. families having above 5 persons. In case of female employees 40 per cent belongs to small size families and 50 per cent belongs to medium family, only 10 per cent of the female employees belong to large family.

Monthly Income of Respondents

                    Sample respondents are classified in to four categories, based on their monthly salary i.e. between Rs. 3000 to 5000, between Rs. 5001 to 7000, between Rs. 7001 to 9000, between Rs.  9001 to 11000. Distribution of respondents based on monthly income are given in table 4.6

Table 4.6 Respondents Based on Monthly Income

Source: Primary data

                    Majority of the male employees i.e. 47.5 per cent are having as income between Rs. 7001 to 9000 per month. There  is nobody who is drawing a monthly income less than Rs. 5000 and 30 per cent are earning a monthly salary between Rs. 5001 to 7000, 22.5 per cent are earning between Rs. 9001 to 11000.

In case of female employees it is found that 20 per cent of the employees are earning a monthly salary between Rs 3000 to 5000, 40 per cent are earning between Rs 5001 to 7000 and rest of the 40 per cent are earning between Rs. 7001 to 9000. There is nobody who is drawing a monthly income between Rs 9001 to 11000.

Figure 4.6 shows the diagrammatic representation of table 4.6

                                             Figure 4.6

                            Respondents Based on Monthly Income

Job  Experience  of  Respondents

                      Sample  respondents are classified in to four groups based  on their job experience i.e. below 1 year, between 1 to 4 years, between 5 to 8 years, between 9 to 12 years are shown in table 4.7.

                           Table 4.7

         Respondents Based on Years of   Experience

Source: Primary data

In case of male employees 27.5 per cent male employees having experience between 1 to 4 years, 55 per cent of the employees have an experience between 5 to 8 years, 17.5 per cent have an experience between 9 to 12 years.

In case of female employees 20 percent of the female employees having experience below 1 year, 20 per cent have an experience between 1 to 4 years, 50 per cent have an experience between 5 to 8 years and 10 per cent have an experience between 9 to 12 years. Figure 4.7 shows the diagrammatic representation of table 4.7.

Figure 4.7  

          Respondents Based on Job   Experience

        Part II – Analysis of Job Satisfaction

                           The analysis of job satisfaction of employees in Chaithanya Paints Pvt. Ltd., Kureekkad is done on the basis of various factors related to job satisfaction.

      Opinion on  Prompt Payment of Salary

Respondents opinion on prompt payment of salaries are given in table 4.8

Table 4.8 Respondents Opinion on Prompt Payment of Salary

Source: Primary data

Hundred per cent of the male employees agree that the company makes prompt payment of salary.

Amount of Salary

Respondents satisfaction level of salaries and wages are given in table 4.9

                             Table – 4.9  

  Satisfaction Level – Amount of Salaries and Wages

Source: Primary data

Majority of the male and female employees are satisfied with the amount of salaries and wages. In case of male employees 5 per cent are highly satisfied, 57.5 per cent are satisfied, 37.5 per cent are not satisfied with the amount of salaries and wages.

In case of female employees 10 per cent are highly satisfied, 60 per cent are satisfied and 30 per cent are not satisfied with the amount of salaries and wages. Figure 4.9 shows the diagrammatic representation of table 4.9.

Figure 4.9

Respondents Satisfaction Level – Amount of Salaries and Wages

                    Revision of Salaries and Wages

Respondents opinion about revision of salaries and wages are given in table 4.10

Table 4.10

Respondents Opinion about Revision of Salaries & Wages

Source: Primary data

                  Hundred per cent of the male and female employees agree that the company make periodical revision of salaries and wages.

Other Monetary Benefits

       Respondents opinion about monetary benefits other than salaries and wages are given in table 4.11

                           Table 4.10

Respondents Opinion about Other Monetary Benefits

Source: Primary data

                  Hundred per cent of the male and female employees agree that the company provide monetary benefits other than salaries and wages.

                 Amount of Other Monetary Benefits

                 Respondents satisfaction level of monetary benefits other than salaries and wages are given in table 4.12

Table – 4.12

Satisfaction Level – Other Monetary Benefits

Source: Primary data

                     In case of male employees 47.5 per cent are satisfied and not satisfied with the monetary benefits other than salaries and wages, only 5 per cent of the male employees are highly satisfied.

In case of female employees 10 per cent are highly satisfied, majority of the female employees i.e. 60 per cent are satisfied, rest of the 30 per cent are not satisfied with the monetary benefits other than salaries and wages. Figure 4.12 shows the diagrammatic representation of table 4.12.

Figure – 4.12

    Satisfaction Level – Amount of Other Monetary Benefits

Working  Time

Respondents opinion about working time are shown in table 4.13

                                        Table 4.13  

                  Satisfaction Level – Working Time

Source: Primary data

Fifteen per cent of the male employees are highly satisfied with the working time, 50 per cent are satisfied and 35 per cent are not satisfied with working time. In case of female employees 70 per cent are satisfied, 20 per cent are not satisfied with the working time. Figure 4.13 shows the diagrammatic representation of table 4.13

                    Figure  4.13   

           Satisfaction Level – Working Time

Attitude of Supervisors

Employees  opinion about the attitude of supervisors are given in table 4.14

                      Table 4.14

 Satisfaction Level – Attitude of Supervisors

Source: Primary data

Majority of the male employees (87.5 per cent) are satisfied, 10 per cent are not satisfied with the attitude of supervisors and 100 per cent of the female employees are satisfied with the attitude of supervisors.

Work Environment

                Respondent’s opinion about work environment are shown in table 4.15. Work environment such as proper lightings, proper ventilation, proper security measures etc.

                Table 4.15

 Satisfaction Level – Work Environment

Source: Primary data

In case of male employees 2.5 per cent are highly satisfied, 52.5 per cent are satisfied, 45 per cent are not satisfied with the work environment and 60 per cent of the female employees are satisfied, 30 per cent are not satisfied with the work environment. Figure 4.15 shows the diagrammatic representation of table 4.15.

Figure 4.15

            Satisfaction Level – Work Environment

Working Conditions of Machines

                           Importance of good and healthy working conditions has been recognized as an element of job satisfaction. The opinions of employees about the working conditions of machines are shown in table 4.16.

Table – 4.16

Respondents Opinion about Working Conditions of Machines

Source: Primary data

Majority of the employees i.e. 82.5 per cent of the male employees and 60 per cent of the female employees agree that working conditions of the machines are moderate. Only 2.5 per cent of the male employees opinion that working conditions of machines are poor.

Break Time / Leisure Time

            Respondents opinion about break time / leisure time are given in table 4.17

Table 4.17   Respondents Opinion about  Break Time

Source: Primary data

  Hundred per cent of the male and female employees agree that company gives leisure time/ break time for relaxation.

Satisfaction Level of  Break Time / Leisure Time

                                 Respondents satisfaction level of leisure time/ break time are given in table 4.18

Table 4.18  Satisfaction Level  -  Break Time / Leisure Time

Source: Primary data

Fifty per cent of the male and female employees are satisfied with the leisure time provided by the company, 45 per cent of the male employees and 30 per cent of the female employees are not satisfied with duration of leisure time provided by the company. Figure 4.18 shows the diagrammatic representation of table 4.18.

                              Figure 4.18

 Satisfaction Level – Break Time / Leisure Time

Sanitary Facilities

                   Respondents opinion about sanitary facilities in the company are shown in table 4.19

     Table 4.19 

                 Satisfaction Level  -   Sanitary Facilities

Source: Primary data

In case of male employees 50 per cent are satisfied, 30 per cent are highly satisfied with the sanitary facilities in the company, 70 per cent of the female employees are satisfied, 10 per cent are highly satisfied, only 20 per cent of the female and male  employees are not satisfied with the sanitary facilities in the company. Figure 4.19 shows the diagrammatic representation of table 4.19.

                            Figure 4.19

     Satisfaction Level -   Sanitary Facilities

Availability of Purified Drinking Water

                         Respondents opinion about availability of purified drinking water are shown in table 4.20

Table  4.20

Respondents Opinion about Availability of Purified Drinking Water

Source: Primary data

Hundred per cent of the male and female employees are getting purified drinking water from the company.

Educational   Scholarship

       Respondents opinion about education scholarship are given in table 4.21

 Table 4.21

Respondents Opinion about Educational Scholarship

Source: Primary data

Hundred per cent of the male and female employees are not getting educational scholarship for their children’s education from the company.

   Medical Facilities and Insurance Coverage

Respondents opinion about medical facilities and insurance coverage are given in table 4.22

                                               Table 4.22

Respondents  Opinion about  Medical  Facilities & Insurance Coverage

Source: Primary data

Hundred per cent of the male and female employees agree that company provide medical facilities and insurance coverage.

Satisfaction Level of Medical Facilities & Insurance Coverage

                                   Respondents satisfaction level of medical facilities and insurance coverage are given in table 4.23

                                        Table 4.23

 Satisfaction Level  – Medical  Facilities & Insurance Coverage

Source: Primary data

Ten per cent of the male employees are highly satisfied, 67.5 per cent are satisfied, 22.5 per cent are not satisfied. In case of female employees 10 per cent are highly satisfied 80 per cent are satisfied, only 10 per cent are not satisfied with the medical facilities and insurance coverage provide by the company. Figure 4.23 shows the diagrammatic representation of table 4.23

                                        Figure  4.23

 Satisfaction Level  – Medical  Facilities & Insurance Coverage

         Pension Fund Contribution

                 Respondents opinion about pension fund contribution are given in table 4.24

Table 4.24

Respondents Opinion about Pension Fund Contribution

Source: Primary data

Hundred per cent of the male and female employees are a member of pension fund contribution.

Amount of Pension Fund Contribution

Respondents satisfaction level of the amount of pension fund contribution are given in table 4.25.

                              Table   4.25

 Satisfaction Level  – Amount of  Pension Fund Contribution

Source: Primary data

Five per cent of the male employees are highly satisfied, 67.5 per cent are satisfied and 27.5 per cent are not satisfied with the amount of pension fund contribution provide by the company. In case of female employees 20 per cent are highly satisfied, 70 per cent are satisfied and 10 per cent are not satisfied with the amount of pension fund contribution provide by the company.

Opportunities for Promotion

Respondents opinion about opportunities for promotion are given in table 4.26

                              Table 4.26

Respondents Opinion about Opportunities for Promotion

Source: Primary data

                 Majority of the male employees 62.5 per cent and 70 per cent female employees opinion about opportunities for promotion of employees are rare, rest of the 37.5 per cent male employees and 30 per cent of the female employees opinion about opportunities for promotion of employees are periodical.

Reward for Higher Performance

                      Respondents opinion about reward for higher performance given in table 4.27

                              Table 4.27

Respondents Opinion about Reward for Higher Performance

Source: Primary data

Hundred per cent of the male and female employees are not getting reward for higher performance from the company.

Training for Improvement of Performance

                            Respondents opinion about training for improvement of performance are given in table 4.28

                                         Table 4.28

Respondents Opinion about Training for Improvement of Performance

Source: Primary data

Hundred per cent of the male and female employees are getting training for the improvement of performance.

                     Satisfaction Level of Training

                     Respondents satisfaction level of training given by the company are shown in table 4.29.

                                    Table 4.29   

                        Satisfaction Level -Training

Source: Primary data

Majority of the employees i.e. 65 per cent of the male and 70 per cent of the female employees are satisfied with the training provide by the company for the improvement of performance, only 25 per cent of the male and 10 per cent  of the female employees are not satisfied with the training given by the company.

Bonus

Respondents opinion about bonus are given in table 4.30

            Table 4.30

       Respondents Opinion about Bonus 

Source: Primary data

Hundred per cent of the male and female employees are getting bonus from the company.

Amount of Bonus

                  Respondents satisfaction level of bonus are given in table 4.31

             Table 4.31 

  Satisfaction Level – Amount of Bonus

Source: Primary data

In case of male employees 7.5 per cent are highly satisfied, 55 per cent are satisfied, 37.5 per cent of the male employees are not satisfied with the bonus given by the company. In case of female employees 10 per cent are highly satisfied, 80 per cent are satisfied and 10 per cent are not satisfied with the bonus given by the company.

   Participation in Decision Making Process

                          Respondents opinion about Participation in Decision Making Process are given in table 4.32

Table 4.32

   Respondents  opinion about Participation in Decision Making Process

Source: Primary data

Hundred per cent of the male and female employees are contributing their own ideas and opinions for decision making process.

Influence of Family Problems in the Job

Respondents opinion about Influence of Family Problems in the Job are shown in table 4.33

                                         Table 4.33

Respondents Opinion about the Influence of Family Problems in the Job

Source: Primary data

Family problems are highly influencing in the male employees at 10 per cent and influencing at 62.5 per cent, not influencing at 27.5 per cent. In case of female employees family problems are highly influencing at 30 per cent, influencing at 60 per cent, not influencing family problems in the job only 10 per cent.

Influence of Health Problems in the Job

Respondents opinion about the Influence of  Health  Problems in the Job are shown in table 4.34

                                            Table 4.34

 Respondents opinion about the Influence of Health Problems in the Job

Source: Primary data

Fifty per cent of the male and female employees health problems are not influencing the job. In case of male employees health problems are highly influencing at 7.5 per cent, influencing at 42.5 per cent. In case of female employees health problems highly influencing at 10 per cent, influencing at 40 per cent.

Family Life and Work Life

                   Respondents opinion about balance between family life and work life are shown in table 4.35

Table 4.35

 Respondents Opinion about the Balance Between

                           Family Life and Work Life

Source: Primary data

Twenty five per cent of the male employees, 10 per cent of the female employees are always balance between family life and work life and rest of the 75 per cent of the male and 90 per cent of the female employees are often balance between family life and work life.

The foregoing analyses revealed many facts about the different variables assessing job satisfaction of employees of Chaithanya Paints Pvt. Ltd. Altogether the views of the respondents were conclusive.

                                       CHAPTER – 5

           FINDINGS AND RECOMMENDATIONS OF THE STUDY

                                             Employees are the most valuable asset in any organization. Unlike other assets, the effective utilization of this asset is possible only if they are kept satisfied. The study captioned ‘‘Job satisfaction of Employees: A Study with Reference to Employees in Chaithanya Paints Pvt. Ltd, Kureekkad.’’ was conducted to find the level of job satisfaction among employees of Chaithanya Paints Pvt. Ltd, Kureekkad.

The main objectives of the study were;

1. To assess the nature and satisfaction level of employees of Chaithanya    paints Pvt. Ltd. regarding monetary benefits and non monetary benefits from employment.
2. To assess the level of employees of Chaithanya Paints Pvt. Ltd. regarding work environment and other facilities.
3. To make possible recommendation and offer useful suggestions to improve the level of satisfaction among the employees in Chaithanya Paints Pvt. Ltd.

        Major findings of the study

                I  Profile Part

1. Out of 50 respondents, 40 respondents (80%) are males and 10 respondents are females (20%).
2. Majority of the male respondents (60%) are between the age group of 20-40 years and 40% of the female respondents are between the age group of 40 to 50 years.
3. Seventy five per cent of the male respondents and 100 per cent of the female respondents are married. Twenty five per cent of the male respondents are not married.

1. Education qualification of majority of the male and female respondents(55% to 60%) is SSLC. While 30 per cent of males have qualification below S.S.L.C., the respective share in the case of female employees is 40 per cent.
2. Most of the male and female respondents (50% to 60%) belongs to medium family size i.e. families having 4 to 5 persons.
3.  Male respondents (47.5%) earning a monthly salary between Rs.7001 to Rs.9000.While 40 per cent of female respondents earning a monthly salary between Rs. 5001 to Rs.7000 another 40 per cent earn monthly salary between Rs.7001 to  Rs. 9000.
4. Out of 50 respondents, fifty four per cent of the respondents having experience between 5 to 8 years.

      II – Analysis of Job Satisfaction

1. Hundred per cent of the male and female respondents agree  that the company makes prom  payment of salary
2. Majority of the respondents (altogether 58 per cent) are satisfied with the amount of salaries and wages. In case of male employees 5 per cent are highly satisfied, 57.5 per cent are satisfied, and 37.5 per cent are not satisfied with the amount of salaries and wages. In case of female employees 10 per cent are highly satisfied, 60 per cent are satisfied and 30 per cent are not satisfied with the amount of salaries and wages.
3.  Hundred per cent of the male and female respondents agree that the Company make periodical revision of salaries and wages.
4. Hundred per cent of the respondents agree that the company provide monetary benefits other than salaries and wages.
5. Most of the female employees (60%) are satisfied with the monetary benefits other than salaries and wages. While 5 per cent of the male employees are highly satisfied, 47.5 per cent are satisfied with other monetary benefits.

1. Majority of the female and male respondents (altogether 54 per cent) are satisfied

With the working time and altogether 14 per cent are highly satisfied with the working time.

1.  Most of the male and female respondents (altogether 90 per cent)  are satisfied

with the attitude of supervisors.

15. Out of 50 respondents majority of the respondents (altogether 54 per cent) are

Satisfied with the work environment and (altogether 42 per cent) are not satisfied

with the work environment.

1.  Majority of the male and female respondents (altogether 78 per cent) opinion for working conditions of machines are moderate. Altogether 20 per cent reported better working conditions.
2.  Hundred per cent of the respondents agree that company gives leisure time for relaxation.
3. Fifty per cent of both male and female respondents are satisfied with the leisure time provided by the company. Five per cent of males and 20 per cent of females are highly satisfied with the leisure time given.
4. Most of the male and female respondents (54 per cent) are satisfied with the sanitary facilities in the company.
5. Hundred per cent of the respondents are getting purified drinking water from the company.
6. Hundred per cent of the respondents are not getting education scholarship for their children’s educations from the company.
7.  Hundred per cent of the respondents agree that company provides medical facilities and insurance coverage.
8. Out of 50 respondents majority of the respondents (altogether 70 per cent) are satisfied with the medical facilities and insurance coverage.
9. Hundred per cent of the respondents are a member of pension fund.
10.  Most of the female and male respondents (68 per cent) are satisfied with the amount of pension fund contribution by the employer.
11. Majority of the male and female respondents (64 per cent) opined that the opportunities for promotion are rare.
12. Hundred per cent of the respondents are not getting reward for higher performance from the company.
13. Hundred per cent of the respondents are getting training for the improvement of performance.
14. Out of 50 respondents majority of the respondents (altogether 66 per cent) are    satisfied with the training provided by the company.
15.  Hundred per cent of the respondents are getting bonus from the company.
16. Most of the respondents (altogether 60 per cent) are satisfied with the bonus given by the company and 32 per cent are not satisfied.
17.  Hundred per cent of the respondents are contribute their own ideas and opinions for the decision making process.
18.  Most of the respondents (altogether 62 per cent) have family problems   influencing in the job.
19. Fifty per cent of both the male and female respondents reported that of health

problems not influencing the job. On the other hand 42 per cent (altogether)

reported that it is influencing the job performance.

1. Ninety per cent of the female respondents and 75 per cent of the male

respondents are often  able to balance between family life and work life.

Recommendations

• Altogether 36 per cent of the respondents (37.5%of the males and 30% of the females) have reported dissatisfaction about the volume of salaries &wages. Careful revision of salaries &wages so as to accommodate the dissatisfied group may further improve the job satisfaction level in the company ultimately resulting in better productivity.

• Regarding other monetary benefits such as allowances altogether 44% reported dissatisfaction. Positive steps to rationally hike allowances may bring more satisfaction.

• Altogether 42% of the respondents are not satisfied with the work environment such as proper ventilation, proper lightings, and proper security measures etc.efforts to improve the working conditions may bring higher satisfaction among employees.

• The satisfaction level about the sufficiency of the leisure time among 42% of the employees are poor. Rationalizing the duration of leisure time seeking opinion from employees can improve the situation.

BIBILIOGRAPHY

      Books

1. 1.                   Davis Keith (1995), Human Behavior at Work, New Delhi, Vikas Publishing

       House.

1. 2.                   C. B. Guptha (2001), Human Resource Management, New Delhi, Sultan 

      Chand  & Sons

1. 3.                   P.Subha Rao(2003), Personal and  Human Resource Management, Mumbai,

      Himalaya Publishing House

1. 4.                   Shashi k. Guptha & Rosy Joshy (2004), Human Resource Management, New

Delhi

1. 5.                   T.N. Chhabra  (2006 ) Human  Resource  Management, Dhanpat Rai & Co.

Websites

www. en. Wikipedia. Org / Wiki / Job Satisfaction

www. All business. Com / Human – Resources

www. Chaithanya Paints. Com

Questionnaire

JOB STASFACTION OF EMPLOYEES: A STUDY WITH REFERENCE TO EMPLOYEES IN CHAITHANYA PAINTS PVT.LTD, KUREEKKAD

Personal data

Name                                                                    :

Age                                                                        :

Sex                                                                         : Male/ Female

Martial status                                                     : Single/ Married

Educational qualification                               :

No of dependents in the family                    :

Monthly salary                                                  :

Years of experience                                           :

1. Are you getting prompt payment of salary?

Always    ¨          Often    ¨            Never    ¨

1. Are you satisfied with the amount of salaries & wages?

Highly satisfied   ¨          Satisfied    ¨         Not Satisfied   ¨

1.  Whether your salaries & wages are periodically revised?

Yes    ¨           No    ¨

1. Are you getting any monetary benefits other than salaries and wages?

Yes    ¨           No    ¨

1. Are you satisfied with the amount of other monetary benefits?

Highly satisfied   ¨                                          Satisfied    ¨         Not Satisfied   ¨

1. Are you satisfied with the working time?

Highly satisfied   ¨                                          Satisfied    ¨         Not Satisfied   ¨

1. Please rate the attitude of supervisors?

Highly satisfied   ¨          Satisfied    ¨         Not Satisfied   ¨

1. Please rate the team sprit in your work environment?

Highly satisfied   ¨          Satisfied    ¨         Not Satisfied   ¨

1. Please rate the working conditions of machines?

Better    ¨       Moderate     ¨               Poor      ¨

1. Please rate the working atmosphere?

Highly satisfied   ¨          Satisfied    ¨         Not Satisfied   ¨

1.  Are you getting leisure time / break time?

Yes    ¨           No    ¨

1. Are you satisfied with the leisure time / break time?

Highly satisfied   ¨          Satisfied    ¨         Not Satisfied   ¨

1. Are you satisfied with the sanitary facilities?

Highly satisfied   ¨          Satisfied    ¨         Not Satisfied   ¨

1. Are you getting purified drinking water?

Yes    ¨           No    ¨

1. If you getting any education scholarship for your children education?

Yes    ¨           No    ¨

1. If you getting any medical facilities & insurance from Company?

Yes    ¨           No    ¨

1. Are you satisfied with the medical facilities & insurance from Company?

Highly satisfied   ¨          Satisfied    ¨         Not Satisfied   ¨

1. If you getting any pension fund from the Company?

Yes    ¨           No    ¨

1. Are you satisfied with the amount of pension fund from the Company?

Highly satisfied   ¨          Satisfied    ¨         Not Satisfied   ¨

1. Please rate the opportunities for promotion?

Periodical   ¨         Rare    ¨             Not opportunity ¨

1.  Do you any reward for performance?

Yes    ¨           No    ¨

1. Are you satisfied with the reward for performance?

Highly satisfied   ¨          Satisfied    ¨         Not Satisfied   ¨

1. If you getting any training for improvement of performance?

Yes    ¨           No    ¨

1. Are you satisfied with the training?

Highly satisfied   ¨          Satisfied    ¨         Not Satisfied   ¨

1. If you getting any bonus?

Yes    ¨           No    ¨

1. Are you satisfied with the bonus?

Highly satisfied   ¨          Satisfied    ¨         Not Satisfied   ¨

1. Does family problems influencing your job?

Highly influencing      ¨ Influencing  ¨          Not influencing  ¨

1. Does health problems influencing your job?

Highly influencing      ¨ Influencing  ¨          Not influencing      ¨

1. Can you maintain a reasonable balance between the family life and your work life?

Always   ¨               Often   ¨                     Never  ¨

Section A  Answer all questions (weightage -1)

1. Calculate the spin only magnetic moment of Cr³⁺

2. Explain the stabilization of unusual oxidation states in complexes.

3. Explain the term Macrocyclic effect.

4. What is meant by Nephelayxetic series?

5. Define conjugate acid base concept

6. Explain the auto ionization of liquid SO₂

7. What are Borides? Give Examples.

8. How carboranes are generally prepared ? Explain with an example.

9. How is P₄S₁₀ is prepared? Give its structure.

10. Explain the different types of carbides with example.

11. What are Q-test and F-test?

12. Discuss the applications of silicones.

13.Describe luminescence indicator with example.

14. what are Ellingham diagrams?

Section B   Answer any seven questions (weightage -2)

15.Discuss any method for the determination of stability constant of complexes.

16. Write a short note on the optical isomerism exhibited by the co-ordination compounds.

17. Explain Jahn-Teller distortion with an example.

18.State and explain Wade’s rule. Give any three examples.

19. Give a short note on super acids.

20. Give an account of the classification of silicates.

21. Describe briefly the theory of acid base indicators.

22. what are Pourbaix Diagrams ? Explain its applications.

23. Discuss the structure and bonding in (PNCl2)3

24. Describe homogeneous precipitation in gravimetric analysis.

Section C   Answer any two  questions (weightage -4)

25.Describe Ligand field theory of Co-ordination compounds.

26. Give a summary of synthesis, reaction, and structure  and bonding of Boranes.

27. Which are the different types of corrosion ? What are the methods for reducing corrosion ?

28. Discuss the classification and minimization of errors in chemical analysis.

Note : This part has fifteen (15) definitional questions of (5) marks each to be answered in upto (30) words.

(5×15=75 marks)

1) What is ‘price leadership’ ?
2) Distinguish between Marginal Rate of Transformation (MRT) in production and Marginal Rate of substitution in consumption.
3) What is the meaning of ‘Life-cycle hypothesis’?
4) Explain the concept of money multiplier.
5) What is Hicks-neutral technical progress
6) Why does capitalism decay in Schumpeter’s theory of economic development ?
7) Distinguish between merit good and public good.
Which internationally traded services are not covered under ‘General Agreement on Trade in Services (GATS)’ ?
9) What is meant by a ‘Restrictive Monetary Policy’? ‘
10) Write short note on Wage-goods approach.
11) Write short note on UNEP.*
12) Write short note on Tradable Pollution Permits.
13) Write short note on Urban Agglomeration.
14) Write short note on Urban Unemployment.
15) Write short note on BOP settlement and BOP Adjustment.
16) Distinguish between Balance of trade and Balance of Payment.
17) Write short note on Purchasing power parity.
18) Distinguish between ‘international trade’ and ‘inter-regional trade’.
19) How are foreign exchange reserves with the central bank classified in the BOP accounts ? Indicate the rationale behind such classification.
20) How is ‘industrial productivity’ measured in India ?
21) What is meant by ‘Sustainable development’ ?
List the main characteristics of Indian population as per 2001 census.
22) What are the bio-chemical components of the Green Revolution ?
Distinguish between Type-I and Type-II Error.
23) What are the applications of differentiation and integration techniques in economics ?
24) Define revealed preference axiom.
25) What is elasticity of substitution of factors?
26) What is consumption ratchet ?
27) What is asset demand for money ?
28) What is Harrod-neutral technical progress ?
29) Define organic composition of capital and its relation to rate of profit.
30) Distinguish between incidence and shifting of a tax
31) What are the measures of regional disparities in agriculture?
32) Distinguish between Open Model and Closed Models of Leontief Input-output analysis. When do you say the system is viable in an Open Model ?
33) Distinguish between Physical Quality of Life Index (PQLI) and Human Development Index (HDI).
34) State the conditions for ‘Take-off’.
35) Write short note on IRR.
36) What is the shadow price of capital ?
37) What is the vicious circle of poverty ?
38) Explain the concept of ‘Golden Age’.
39) What is Social Discount Factor ?
40) What is the value of a constraint in its shadow price ?
41) How is the multiplier different from super-multiplier ?
42) State the important features of neo-classical monetary theory.
43) What is Disposable Income ?
44) Briefly explain the term “Phillips Curve.”
45) Define High-powered money.
46) What is meant by ‘lump-of-labor’ hypothesis ?
47) Can money multiplier be manipulated ?
48) Discuss the Cambridge Equations of Quantity theory of Money.
49) What is ‘Ratchet Effect’ ?
50) Comment on the neutrality of money and elucidate the concept of money multiplier.
51) Stagflation.
52) What is value added approach ?
53) Explain Inflationary gap.
54) What is Cash Reserve Ratio (CRR) ? How does it affect liquidity in the economy ?
55) What is Financial Define MRS in Indifference Curve Analysis.
56) Briefly explain ‘expansion path’.
57) What is the ‘shut-down point’ of a firm ?
58) How does the Ricardian theory of rent differ from the modern theory of rent ?
59) What is the ‘social welfare function’?
60) Explain the basic limitations of Leontief’s input-output model.
61) Explain the term “Production Possibility Frontier.”
62) What do you understand by Pareto Optimality ?
63) What is “Peak-load pricing ?”. Explain with examples.
64) What is the meaning of “Economies of Scale ?”
65) Briefly explain the term ‘Corner Solution’.
66) What is meant by ’3rd degree price discrimination’ ? Give example.
67) What is Mark-up pricing ?
68) What is meant by Consumer surplus ?
69) Explain the term ‘Dead Weight Loss’.
70) Write short note on Gender Development Index (GDI)
71) Write short note on Montreal Protocol on CFC*
72) Write short note on Kyoto Protocol.*
73) Write short note on The Club of Rome Report.*
74) Write short note on Local Agenda 21 of UNCED.*
75) Write short note on Framework Convention on Climate Change.*
76) How are relative prices of factors related to opportunity cost ?
77) “Elasticity is a better measure of responsiveness than the slope of demand curve’. Explain with a suitable example.
78) Why does a firm’s Short run marginal cost curve eventually slopes up ?
79) Derive the result that a firm will shut-down if p is less than AVC
80) A firm making CD players finds that it can lower its average total costs if it also makes CD readers for computers. Is this an example of “Economies of Scale” or “Economies of Scope” ? Explain.
81) Briefly explain the term ‘Feasible Solution” in Linear Programming.
82) Briefly explain (using diagram) weak axiom of revealed preference theory.
83) Distinguish between linear production function and linear homogeneous production function.
84) Explain interdependence of sellers under oligopoly.
85) ‘A social welfare function is analogous to the individual consumers’ utility function’ – Explain.
86) What are Giffen Goods ?
87) Distinguish between Returns to a factor and Returns to Scale.
88) Define Price Discrimination and discuss the conditions for it.
89) Applications of Linear Programming in economics.
90) Explain the point of ‘constrained Bliss’.
91) Market meltdown ?
92) Define Gender Empowerment Measure (GEM).
93) What is meant by “capital deepening ?”
94) Explain the components of Human Development Index (HDI).
95) Define the Marxian concept of ‘organic composition of capital’.
96) Write short note on “Limits to Growth”.
97) State and briefly explain various stages in Rowstow’s growth theory.
98) Discuss the concept of sustainable development and explain its relevance.
99) What is Lorenz curve ? Explain its uses.
100) Write short note on “The Informal Sector”.

sample questions:

Q.1

(i) Theory of monopolistic competition
(ii) Gurnot’s Theory of Duopoly
(iii) Marshall’s Theory of Quasi-rent.
(iv) Sweezy’s kinked demand curve Analysis
Codes :

1. (iv) (iii) (i) (ii)
2. (i) (iii) (ii) (iv)
3. (ii) (iii) (i) (iv)
4. (iii) (i) (iv) (ii)

Q.2

(i) Peacock-Wiseman hypothesis
(ii) Buchanan’s ‘An Economic Theory of Clubs’
(iii) Wagner hypothesis
(iv) Findlay Shirras’s canons of public expenditure
Codes :

1. (i) (iii) (ii) (iv)
2. (iii) (i) (iv) (ii)
3. (ii) (iv) (iii) (i)
4. (iii) (iv) (i) (ii)

Q 3

(i) Inventory Theoretic Approach
(ii) Restatement of the Quantity Theory of Money
(iii) Fisher’s Equation of Exchange
(iv) Tableau Economique
Codes :

1. (i) (iii) (ii) (iv)
2. (iii) (ii) (i) (iv)
3. (iv) (iii) (i) (ii)
4. (ii) (i) (iv) (iii)

Q 4

(i) Introduction of Rolling Plan
(ii) The movement from Planning to Market mechanism
(iii) Feldman-Mahalanobis Model
(iv) Declaration of Plan holiday
Codes :

1. (i) (iii) (iv) (ii)
2. (ii) (iv) (i) (iii)
3. (iii) (iv) (i) (ii)
4. (i) (iii) (ii) (iv)

Q 5

(i) Specific Target-group Oriented Programmes
(ii) Introduction of Family Planning
(iii) Direct Anti-poverty Programmes
(iv) Minimum Needs Programme
Codes :

1. (ii) (i) (iv) (iii)
2. (i) (iii) (ii) (iv)
3. (iv) (iii) (i) (ii)
4. (iii) (ii) (iv) (i)

Q. 6

(i) WTO Ministerial Meeting at Cancun
(ii) WTO Ministerial Meeting at Hong Kong
(iii) WTO Ministerial Meeting at Singapore
(iv) WTO Ministerial Meeting at Doha
Codes :

1. (i) (iii) (ii) (iv)
2. (iii) (iv) (i) (ii)
3. (ii) (iii) (i) (iv)
4. (iv) (ii) (iii) (i)

Q. 7

Chairman of the Finance Commission
(i) N.K.P. Salve
(ii) C. Rangarajan
(iii) P.V. Rajmannar
(iv) K.C. Niyogi
Codes :

1. (i) (iv) (iii) (ii)
2. (iv) (iii) (i) (ii)
3. (iv) (i) (ii) (iii)
4. (iii) (i) (iv) (ii)

Q. 8

(i) Milton Friedman’s Approach
(ii) Fishers Approach
(iii) Stock Balance Approach
(iv) Keynes Approach
Codes :
(A) (ii), (iii), (iv), (i)
(B) (i), (ii), (iii), (iv)
(C) (iii), (i), (ii), (iv)
(D) (iv), (iii), (i), (ii)

a. Integral Service Dynamic Network
b. International Subscriber Dialup Network
c. International Service Digital Network
d. Integrated Service Digital Network

Answer: d. Integrated Service Digital Network

2. Stack consists of

a. Register
b. RAM
c. ROM
d. CPU

Answer: RAM

3. Microprogramming is designing of

a. Controll Unit
b.ALU
c. CPU
d. None of the above

Answer: a. Controll Unit

4. Minimum number of operands with any instruction

a.0
b.1
c. 8
d. 16

Answer: a.0

5. Which of the following medical activity was made possible by computers?

a. Open Heart Surgery
b. Vaccination
c. Brain scan
d. X Ray

Answer: C. Brain Scan

6. FTP is
a. Mail tranfer potocol
b. File Transfer Protocol
c. File Transformation Program
d. Firewall Type Program

Answer: b. File Transfer Protocol

7. Stored program concept was introduced by

a. Pascal
b. Hoolerith
c.Stallman
d. Newmann

Answer is  d. Newmann

8. BSS loader is

a. General
b. Absolute
c. Relocating
d. None of the above

Answer is c. Relocating

9. Noise resistance is very low in the case of

a.AM
b.FM
c. PM
d. FSK

Answer is a. AM

10. The first Indian analog computer was implemented by Indian stastical Institute of Culcutta in

a. 1947
b. 1956
c. 1953
d. 1961

Answer is C. 1953

11. Which of the following is considered to be a popular coding scheme?

a. ASCII
b. EBCDIC
c. Unicode
d. All  the above

Answer is D.all the above

12.  Database software may be divided into

a. four distinct categories
b. three distinct categories
c. two distinct categories
d. none of the above

Answer is B.three distinct categories

13. A link may be defined as the representation of an

a. objects
b, application
c. program
d. none of the above

Answer isc. programme

14. DPI stands fot

a. Desktop projection Ink
b.Dot per Inch
c. Dotmatricks printer ink
d. Desktop pixel Inch

Answer is b.Dot per Inch

15. A string of eight 0s and 1s is called a:

a. megabyte.
b. byte.
c. kilobyte.
d. gigabyte.

Answer:b byte.

Let us examine different situations represented.

In 1 A, B and Care different sets. For example India Pakisthan and Srilanka.

In 2 C is a universal set that contains B and A and A is a subset of B. For example Kerala(A), India (B) and Asia (C).

In 3 A and B are different subsets but part of the universal set C India(A) Pakisthan (B)and Asia (C).

In 4 C is universal set that contains A and B which intersects each other in certain points. (A∩B) For example A Boys B Girls A∩B= intelligent C human being.

For more details about Venn diagram click here

A sample Venn diagram:

singers:
Mohanlal, Kishorekumar, Jesudas, S.P.Balasubrahmaniam
Actors:
Kishorekumar, Rajanikanth, Mohanlal, Kamalhassan, Sharukhkhan
Producers:
S.P.Balasubrahmaniam,G.P.Sippy,Mohanlal, Sharukhkhan

Yellow circle: Actors

Blue Circle: Singers

Green Circle: Producers

singers

Mohanlal, Kishorekumar, Jesudas, S.P.Balasubrahmaniam

Actors:

Kishorekumar, Rajanikanth, Mohanlal, Kamalhassan, Sharukhkhan

Producers:

S.P.Balasubrahmaniam,G.P.Sippy,Mohanlal, Sharukhkhan .

Look at the different shades and intersection in the above diagram. We can find

Elements only in “Singers”:Jesudas (1 in blue)

Common elements in “Singers” and “Producers”:S.P.Balasubrahmaniam (1 in blue+green)

Elements only in “Producers”:G.P.Sippy (1 ingreen)

Common elements in “Singers”, “Actors” and “Producers”:Mohanlal(1 in blue+green+yellow)

Common elements in “Singers” and “Actors”:Kishorekumar (1 in blue+yellow)

Common elements in “Actors” and “Producers”:Sharukhkhan (1 in yellow+green)

Elements only in “Actors”:RajanikanthKamalhassan (2 in yellow)

( Oliveros, J.C. (2007) VENNY. An interactive tool for comparing lists with Venn Diagrams.)

A sample question:

which one of the following statements is correct with regard to the above figure.

Only B is all the three shapes.

Only A and B are in all the shapes.

All political systems need to mediate the relationship between private wealth and public power. Those that fail risk a dysfunctional government captured by wealthy interests. Corruption is one symptom of such failure with private willingness-to-pay trumping public goals. Private individuals and business firms pay to get routine services and to get to the head of the bureaucratic queue. They pay to limit their taxes, avoid costly regulations, obtain contracts at inflated prices and get concessions and privatized firms at low prices. If corruption is endemic, public officials—both bureaucrats and elected officials—may redesign programs and propose public projects with few public benefits and many opportunities for private profit. Of course, corruption, in the sense of bribes, pay-offs and kickbacks, is only one type of government failure. Efforts to promote ‘good governance’ must be broader than anti-corruption campaigns. Governments may be honest but inefficient because no one has an incentive to work productively, and narrow elites may capture the state and exert excess influence on policy. Bribery may induce the lazy to work hard and permit those not in the inner circle of cronies to obtain benefits. However, even in such cases, corruption cannot be confined to ‘functional’ areas. It will be a temptation whenever private benefits are positive. It may be a reasonable response to a harsh reality but, over time, it can facilitate a spiral into an even worse situation.

1. The governments which fail to focus on the relationship between private wealth and public power are likely to become :

(A) Functional (B) Dysfunctional

(C) Normal functioning (D) Good governance

2. One important symptom of bad governance is :

(A) Corruption (B) High taxes

(C) Complicated rules and regulations (D) High prices

3. When corruption is rampant, public officials always aim at many opportunities for:

(C) Private profit (D) Corporate gains

4. Productivity linked incentives to public/private officials is one of the indicatives for:

(C) Inefficient government (D) Corruption

5. The spiraling corruption can only be contained by promoting :

(A) Private profit (B) Anti-corruption campaign

(C) Good governance (D) Pay-offs and kick backs

 
o Before 1976, education was the exclusive responsibility of the states.

o The Constitutional Amendment of 1976 included education in the Concurrent List.

o The most notable efforts of the Central Government in the evolution and monitoring of the educational policies and programmes of the country arc the National Policy on Education (NPE). 1986 and the Programme of Action (POA), 1986 as updated in 1992.

o The National System of Education as envisaged in the NPE is based on a national curricular framework, which envisages a common core along with other flexible and region-specific components.

o The NPE emphasizes the need for a much higher level of investment in education of at least 6% of the National Income.

o In order to facilitate donations including smaller amounts from India and abroad for implementing projects/programmes connected with the education sector, the Government has constituted “Bharal Shiksha Kosh” as a society.

o The plan outlay on education has increased from Rs.151 crore in the First Five Year Plan to Rs. 43825 crore in the Tenth Five Year Plan.

o The expenditure on education as a percentage of GDP also rose from 0.64 per cent in 1951-52 to 3.98 percent in 2002 – 2003(BE).

o Sarva Shiksha Abhiyan (SSA) is a historic stride towards achieving the long cherished goal of Universalisation of Elemental) Education. The programme lays emphasis on the education of girl child, especially belonging to SC/ST communities and minority groups. This scheme was launched in 2001.

o The Education Guarantee Scheme and Alternative and Innovative Education is an important component of the SSA to bring out-of-school children in the fold of elementary education.

o The District Primary Education Programme (DPEP) provides infrastructural facilities and special interventions for the education of girls. SCs, STs. disabled etc. 85 per cent of the project cost is met by the Central Government and the remaining 15 per cent is shared by the concerned State Governments.

o The Constitutional (86th Amendment) Bill, notified on 13th December 2002 provides for free and compulsory elementary education as a ‘Fundamental Right’, for all children in the age group of 6-14 years.

o The scheme of ‘Kasturba Gandhi Swatantrata Vidyalaya’ is to improve literacy among the women belonging to SCs. STs. OBCs and Minorities.

o The National Programme of Nutritional Support to Primary Education (NPNSPE) is popularly known as the “Mid- Day Meals Scheme”. It was formally launched on 15 August 1905. The objective of the programme is to give a boost to “Universalisation of
Primary Education’ by increasing enrolment, attendance and retention and also improving nutritional status of children in primary classes.

o The scheme of ‘Operation blackboard’ was launched in I987-88 with the aim of improving human and physical resource available in primary schools of the country.

o ‘Lok Jumbish’ is an innovative project with the assistance of Swedish International Development Agency, launched in Rajasthan with the objective of ‘education for all” through people’s mobilization and participation. (First Phase: During June 1992 – June 1994. Second Phase: During July 1994 – June 1998 and extended up to December 1999, Third Phase: During July 1999 June 2004)

o The ‘Sikhsha karmi Project’ aims at universalisation and qualitative improvement of primary education in remote and socio-economically backward villages in Rajasthan with primary attention given to girls.

o The programme, which was launched in 1989 with the concrete objective of’ “education for women’s equality”, is called the “Mahila Samakhya’.

o A collaborative effort of the Government of India and 5 UN agencies – UNDP, UNICEF, UNESCO. ILO and UNFPA – to provide programme support to ongoing efforts towards achieving ‘Universalisation of Elementary Education” is called the ‘Janshala” programme.

o The National Council for Teacher Education (NCTE) was established in August 1995.

o National Bal Bhavan, New Delhi is an autonomous body fully funded by the Ministry of Human Resource Development, which was established for children in the age group of 5-16 years; Objectives of the National Hal Bhavan are to enhance the creative potential of children and to inculcate in them scientific temper and a spirit to challenge, experiment, innovate and create. This was founded by Pt. Jawahar Lal Nehru in 1956.

o The National Population Education Project (NPEP) was launched in April 19X0 with a view to institutionalize population education in the school education system. This was an externally aided project, which was fully funded by the United Nations Population Fund.

o The scheme of Environment Orientation to School Education” was initiated in I988-89.

o The National Policy on Education. 1986 envisaged the setting up of model schools, one in each district of the country, which are fully residential co-educational institutions. These schools are called ‘Navodaya Vidyalayas’ (now called ‘Jawahar Navodaya Vidyalayas’). At present, there are 506 Navodaya schools in the country.

o In 1965. an autonomous body called ‘kendriya Vidyalaya Sangathan” was established with the primary objective of setting-up and monitoring ‘Kendriya Vidyalayas’ to cater to the educational needs of the children of transferable Central Government Employees. At present, there are 923 Kendriya Vidyalayas in the country.

Educational Agencies in India

The National Council of Educational Research and Training (NCERT):
- The NCERT is the apex resource organisation set-up in September 1961, with head quarters at New Delhi.
- It assists and advises the Central and State Governments on academic matters related to school education.
- The council is fully funded by the Central Government.
- The NCERT provides academic and technical support for qualitative improvement of school education through its constituent units, namely.
National Institute of Education (NIE). New Delhi.
Central Institute of Educational Technology (CIET). New Delhi,
Pandit Sunderlal Sharma Central Institute of Vocational Education
(PSSCIVE).
Bhopal and Regional Institutes of Education at Ajmer, Bhopal, Bhuvaneshwar, Mysore and Shillong.

University and Higher Education in India:

- At present, there are 306 university-level institutions.
- There are 18 Central Universities and 186 State Universities.
- There are 89 Deemed Universities.
- There are 13 Institutes of national importance.
- There are 38 Institutions providing education in agriculture (including forestry, dairy, fisheries and veterinary science).
- There are 21 Institutions in medicine (including Ayurveda), 44 in engineering and technology, 4 in information technology and 4 in legal studies.
- There are 11 Open Universities and 5 Women Universities.

University Grants Commission (UGC):

- The UGC was established in 1956.
- It serves as a coordinating body between the Union and State Governments and the institutions of higher learning.
- The Commission consists of the Chairman, Vice-Chairman and 10 other Members appointed by the Central Government.
- It has its Regional Offices at I Hyderabad. Pune. Bhopal. Kolkata, Guwahati and Bangalore.

Autonomous Research Organizations:

- The Indian Council of Historical Research (ICHR), New Delhi, set-up in 1972, reviews the progress of historical research and encourages scientific writing in history.
- The Indian Council of Philosophical Research (ICPR), functioning from 1977 with offices in New Delhi and Lucknow, reviews the progress, sponsors or assists projects and programmes of research in Philosophy.
- The Indian Institute of Advanced Study (MAS). Shimla. set-up in 1965 is a residential centre for advanced research on humanities, social sciences and natural sciences.
- The Indian Council of Social Science Research (ICSSR). New Delhi, is an autonomous body for promoting and coordinating social science research.
- The National Council of Rural Institutes (NCRI) was set-up in 1995 as an autonomous organisation for promoting Gandhian philosophy of education and. promotes research as a tool of social and rural development

Indira Gandhi National Open University (IGNOU):

- The IGNOU. established in September 1985. is responsible for the introduction and promotion of Open University and distance education system of the country.
- IGNOU introduced its programmes in 1987.
- It has established 269 study centres for women. SC/ST and physically challenged persons.
- On 26th January 2001, IGNOU launched an education channel called ‘Gyandharshan which is now a 24-hour channel.
- On 26th January 2003. IGNOU launched a channel for technical education called ‘Eklavya Channel’.

Open Universities:

At present, there are 10 other Open Universities in the country, viz,
a. U.K. Ambedkar Open University, Hyderabad (Andhra Pradesh)
b. Rota Open University, Kola (Rajasthan)
c. Nalanda Open University, Nalanda (Bihar)
d. Yashwant Rao Chauhan Maharashtra Open University, Nasik (Maharashtra)
e. Madhya PradeshBhoj Open University. Bhopal (Madhya Pradesh)
f. Ambedkar Open University, Ahmedabad (Gujarat)
g. Karnataka State Open University. Mysore (Karnataka)
h. Netaji Subhash Open University. Kolkata (West Bengal)
i. Rajrishi Tandon Open University. Allahabad (Uttar Pradesh) and
j. Tamil Nadu State Open University, Chennai (Tamil Nadu).

Technical Education:

- The technical education system in the country covers courses in engineering, technology, management, architecture, pharmacy etc.
- The technical education system at the central level comprises the following
a. The All India Council for Technical Education (AICTE)
b. 7 Indian Institutes of Technology (IITs)
c. 6 Indian Institute of Management (IIMs)
d. Indian Institute of Science (IISc), Bangalore
e. Indian Institute of Information Technology (IIIT), Allahabad
f. Indian Institute of Information Technology and Management (IIITM),
Gwalior and
g. 18 National Institutes of Technology (NITs) (converted from RECs with 100
per cent central funding).

Adult Education:

- The National Literacy Mission, set-up in May 1988 aims to attain a sustainable threshold level of 75 per cent literacy by 2007.
- The ‘Total Literacy Campaign” is the principal strategy of the National Literacv Mission for eradication of illiteracy.
- The ‘Continuing Education Centres’ provide area-specific, need-based opportunities for basic literacy, upgradation of literacy skills, pursuit of alternative educational programmes, vocational skills and also promote social and occupational development.
- The State Resource Centres (SRCs) managed by NCOs provide academic and technical resource support in the form of training material preparation, extension activities, innovative projects, research studies and evaluation. At present, there are 26 SRCs.
- The objective of ‘Jan Shikshan Sansthan” (JSS) is the educational, vocational and occupational development of the socio-economically backward and educationally disadvantaged groups. At present, there are 140 JSSs in the country

Minority Education:

The National Policy on Education, 1986. updated in 1992 envisages paving greater attention to the education of the educationally backward minorities in the interest of ‘equity and social justice”. In pursuance of the revised Programme of Action (POA), 1992, two new centrally sponsored schemes were launched in 1993-94. viz,

a. Scheme of Area-Intensive Programme for Educationally Backward
Minorities, and
b. Scheme of financial Assistance for Modernisation of Madrassa Education.

Part III: Descriptive Section: B

This section consists of one essay type of question of forty marks to be answered in about 1000 words (3 choices from 3 electives)

Electives:

1. Ancient Indian History
2. Medieval Indian History
3. Modern Indian History

History Essay Type Questions (1000 words 40 marks)

1. What description does Arthasasthra gives on Mayurian Administration?
2. Expalin the role of Dalhousie in the westernization and modernaisation of India?
3. Write an essay on the social life in the Pre Guptha period?
4. Write an essay on the social life of Guptha period?
5. Write a critical essay on the land revenue system of Mughals from Akbar to Aurangazeb
6. Evaluate the cultural and literary achievements of the Guptha period?
7. Write an essay on the growth of painting in Mughal period.
8. Write an essay on the development of temple architecture in ancient India.
9. Examine the cabinet mission plan for the settlement of Indian Question. Why did it fail?
10. History is an unending dialogue between the past and present. Discuss.
11. Discuss contribution of Vedic age to the history of India.
12. Analyze the administrative system of the Mauryas.
13. Write an essay on the economic life in Mughal period.
14. Trace the industrial growth of the British after First World War?
15. Evaluate Rajatharangini as a source of Ancient Indian history
16. What are the Institutional crisis led to the fall of Mughal power?
17. Write a critique of the subaltern historiography.
18. Write an essay on growth of the art and architecture under the Cholas.
19. How did Gandhiji transform the freedom struggle in to a mass movement?
20. Discuss the circumstances leading to the partition of India.
21. Explain the significance of Samudraguptha’s diverse approaches to varied conquered areas?
22. Write an essay about the rise of European power in India.
23. Discuss the constitutional development from 1905 to 1935.
24. Write an essay on the nature of State and Government of India under British.
25. Trace the development of Buddhism .